The Top Ten Inference Tips
Often, an author intentionally leaves parts of the text unclear. This is done to allow the reader to construct meaning as the reader discovers clues in the plot of a story or in the line of argument in an article or essay. At other times, the author suggests (implies) the meaning without directly stating it. In these cases, the author expects the reader to guess or draw conclusions (infer) the meaning from other textual clues. In poetry, the poet uses poetic devices, such as metaphors, to compare unlike objects. Jesus used parables (well known stories) to share truths.
But, why does the author play these games? Why doesn’t the author just come out and say what he or she means? A good deal of learning involves the process of how something is learned. When the reader discovers the meaning of the text, the reader understands and appreciates the text and ideas much more than if the meaning is spoon-fed.
Here are ten inference categories (with examples) that are frequently used to allow readers to discover meaning on their own. Re-read the section before and after the unclear section with these categories in mind. Select the category that best fits to help you interpret difficult reading text.
1. Location: While we roared down the tracks, we could feel the bounce and sway.
What Can Be Inferred? They are riding a train.
2. Agent (Occupation or Hobby): With clippers in one hand and scissors in the other, Chris was ready to begin the task.
What Can Be Inferred? He was giving a haircut.
3. Time: When the porch light burned out, the darkness was total.
What Can Be Inferred? It is late at night.
4. Action: Carol dribbled down the court and then passed the ball to Ann.
What Can Be Inferred? They are playing basketball.
5. Instrument (tool or device): With a steady hand, she put the buzzing device on the tooth.
What Can Be Inferred? The dentist is drilling out a cavity.
6. Cause and Effect: In the morning, we noticed that the trees were uprooted and homes were missing their roof shingles.
What Can Be Inferred? There had been a tornado or hurricane.
7. Object: The broad wings were swept back into a “V” and the two powerful engines roared to life.
What Can Be Inferred? A jet plane is preparing to take off.
8. Groups (kinds or types): The Toyota and Honda were in the garage and the Chevy was out in the front.
What Can Be Inferred? These are all automobiles.
9. Problem-Solution: The side of his face was swollen and his tooth was loose.
What Can Be Inferred? He got hit in the face.
1o. Feeling-Attitude: While I marched past, in the middle school band, my Dad’s eyes were filled with tears.
What Can Be Inferred? The child’s father was proud of his or her involvement in the band.
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